Shanghai in the early 1970s

Shanghai photographs in the early 1970s under the influence of the Cultural Revolution.

圖片來源：上海市攝影藝術展覽會編：《上海攝影藝術作品選》第2冊（上海人民，1974）、上海巿工人文化宮編：《上海工人業餘攝影作品選 》（上海人民，1975）及《上海工人攝影作品選 》及《上海工人攝影作品選 》（上海人民，1976）。

《上海攝影藝術作品選》開首引用《毛主席語錄》：
我們的文學藝術都是為人民大眾的，首先是為工農兵的，為工農兵而創作，為工農兵所利用的。

《上海工人業餘攝影作品選 》前言：
一九七四年上海工人業餘攝影作品展覽會，是在深入開展批林批孔運動的大好形勢下舉辦的。

廣大工人業餘攝影作者，滿懷革命激情，拍下了一幅幅生氣盎然的攝影作品，熱情地歌頌了黨和毛主席，歌頌無產階級文化大革命的豐碩成果，生動反映了全市各條戰線社會主義革命和建設的大好形勢。

同時，他們還充份利用攝影這一戰鬥武器，狠批林彪、孔老二搞復辟倒退的反動罪行，反擊安東尼奧尼[hoito: Michelangelo Antonioni, an Italian film director, 'made the documentary Chung Kuo, Cina, but it was severely denounced by the Chinese authorities as "anti-Chinese" and "anti-communist"']之流反華的醜惡行徑，使攝影作品真正成為「團結人民、教育人民、打擊敵人、消滅敵人」的有力武器。

上海巿工人文化宮在1958年編《上海工人攝影作品選》（上海人民美術）的前言寫道：
攝影，在工會活動裏是一種有力的宣傳鼓動工具。

Edinburgh old pictures in the 1890s

The following colour photochrome prints of Edinburgh were produced between 1890 and 1900.



Princess Street, the castle, and Scott Monument, Edinburgh, Scotland (1890-1900). Source.

Princess Street and castle from Scotts Monument, Edinburgh, Scotland (1890-1900). Source. 

Edinburgh from the castle, Scotland (1890-1900). Source.

Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, Scotland (1890-1900). Source.

More picture postcards of Edinburgh could be found here.

surrender or killed

敵人不投降堅決消滅他 surrender or killed. 

Chairman Mao

Resource:

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10901257

Description:

China. 敵人不投降堅決消滅他. [n.p., 1946 or 1947].

Repository:

Harvard College Library Harvard-Yenching Library

Institution:

Harvard University

Accessed:

14 December 2015

Creating the 'Other' Hongkongers

blogpost first drafted in July 2011.

retrieve my mailbox archive to update the latest H-Net academic announcements, which arrived some time ago last week. In the context of Hong Kong, the following conference topic is especially inspiring in creating the 'Other' Hongkongers

Creating the ‘Other’ A Postgraduate Conference at the University of Essex, Department of History, 20 September 2011

Throughout history, there has been a recurrent theme of groups imagining others as apart, as fundamentally and irrevocably different and inferior, as ‘Other’. 

At intrapersonal, societal, and international levels, and governed by notions of, for example, class, gender, race/ethnicity, religion or patterns of consumption the tendency to define persons as beyond the boundaries of, or subordinate to, the community seems one which has been ever-present. 

These definitions have been continually utilised to seek legitimacy for discriminatory and exploitative social relationships. Such matters are of great interest to the historian, as to define what is ‘Other’ is also to define oneself in opposition to it; and the study of the creation of the ‘Other’ thus offers a means of discerning the self-conceptions of individuals and groups, and of the social and cultural forces and dynamics of power operating in specific historical contexts. 

This conference intends to explore these issues. Possible questions/themes could include (though are by no means limited to):

• What is the ‘Other’?
• How has the ‘Other’ been constructed throughout the history?
• What purposes has the ‘Other’ served for individuals, groups and societies?
• How have these processes of ‘Othering’ differed in respect to gender, race, and class for example?
• What have been the results of these processes in history

Art and Politics in Hong Kong in 1949

Published in Hong Kong in October 1949 (misdated as 1939 in Havard-Yenching Library catalog), this paper-cutting art book is an excellent example of the relationship between art and politics, which will be used as teaching materials in my class next semester.

「白米餅噴噴香，毛主席請你嘗，

不是你幫忙，我家那有米餅嘗。」

Resource:

Persistent Link:

http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:11240516

Description:

汪潛. 新剪紙藝術. 香港 : 紅田出版社, 1939.

Repository:

Harvard College Library Harvard-Yenching Library

Institution:

Harvard University

Accessed:

14 December 2015

they deserve to stay at the bottom of the social pile

對這班"deserve to stay at the bottom of the social pile"的後生來說，經歷會考高考大學，浪費時間在沒有用的知識上，已經是最大的妥協和犧牲。

畢業不是保證成為專業人士嗎？怎麼還要受氣？現實世界怎麼會與學校課本所提倡的理想國不一樣？公義何存？真理何在？

究竟是他們不知道搵食艱難？還是教育制度對他們承諾過多？學習要愉快，畢業變專業。
抑或父母／學校對他們照顧太多？安排實習，貼錢遊學。

作為老鬼，我想我們也需要了解這班「新工人」，應該讀讀Ron Alsop's The trophy kids grow up : how the millennial generation is shaking up the workplace (New York: The Wall Street Journal, 2008).

我要真三保四好

真「三保四好」：
 1959 年5月20日，黔［即貴州］南布依族苗族自治州首府都匀市推行「三保四好」運動：
三保：保安全、保優質高產、保出勤率；
四好：技術經驗交流好、團結互助好、遵守安全规章好、監督别人違章作業好。

資料來源：《黔南布依族苗族自治州志，第26卷，勞動志》（貴陽：貴州人民出版社，2000），頁65。

Chinese rare books in Hong Kong: 清怡親王府藏書

近讀《臺大文史哲學報》，翻到侯印國［南京大學古典文獻學系碩士生］：〈清怡親王府藏書考論：以新發現的《影堂陳設書目錄》為中心〉（《臺大文史哲學報》，第80期，2014，頁109-143），饒有趣味。

「怡府藏書未受到應有的關注。怡府實是清代乃至整個中國藏書史上藏書最多的重要藏書家之一。學界對其藏書的來源、流向、規模及刻書情況、《怡府書目》的編纂時間、怡府主人名號等均存在錯誤的認識，尤其是其藏書來自徐乾學、季振宜的舊說，以及將怡府安樂堂、明善堂與乾隆樂善堂相混淆等錯誤，被學界陳陳相因，沿誤至今。本文利用新發現的怡府書目《影堂陳設書目錄》，及其他新的珍貴材料，並對分藏世界二十餘圖書館的怡府舊藏書籍數百種予以考察，對怡府藏書做系統的考論，在怡府藏書之規模、書目之編纂、藏書之聚散及怡府藏書樓名、刻書情況等各個方面提出新的認識。」

侯氏踏遍大江南北，考察多家圖書館中的怡府藏書，足跡南至澳門大學圖書館，獨欠比鄰的香港。
於是翻開母校圖書館的善本書錄（饒宗頤編著：《香港大學馮平山圖書館藏善本書錄》），至第五至六頁，赫然眼前的是「安樂堂藏書記」和「明善堂珍藏書畫印記」，原來是萬曆刻本的《周易古今文全書》。無閑再翻，想非孤例。或可再查賈晉華主編的《香港所藏古籍書目》，必有所獲。

The Ivory Tower

Research universities announcing seemingly meaningful but domineeringly useless and pompous claims about their cutting-edge research or discovery is no new.

Abstract: This is a historical survey of how and why the notion of the Ivory Tower became part of twentieth- and twenty-first-century cultural vocabularies. It very briefly tracks the origins of the tag in antiquity, documents its nineteenth-century resurgence in literary and aesthetic culture, and more careful assesses the political and intellectual circumstances, especially int he 1930s and 1940s, in which it became a common phrase attached to universities and to features of science and in which it became a way of criticizing practices and institutions deemed to be 'irrelevant'. The paper concludes by reflecting on the tag's relationship to pervasive cultural tropes and how its modern history may be used to appreciate better where science and its academic setting now stand in the ancient debate between the active and contemplative lives.

"...following the figure of the Ivory Tower is tracing the historical trajectory of schemes linking knowledge and the polity, epistemic and social virtue." (25)
"It started as a religious figure, which it remained until nineteenth-century writers respecified it in an artistic context. Its subsequent mobilization to say something about what a university was and should be, and the conditions the university provided for the production of knowledge, largely happened during and after the Second World War, as did its relocation from comment on the imaginative arts to those practices which had the potential to produce materially useful goods - the sciences, engineering and the knowledge of the professional schools in particular...the cultural geography of Ivory Tower usages tracks changes in the recognized social value of different intellectual practices."
"it is a modern instantiation of the ancient religious and secular debate over the active and contemplative lives, negotium and otium: is it better, more virtuous, more authentically human to be engaged with civic affairs or is it better - from time to time or always - intentionally to live apart from the polis?" (26)


Steven Shapin's "The Ivory Tower: the history of a figure of speech and its cultural uses," British Journal for the History of Science, 43:1, 1-27.

香港日佔時期的中小學教科書

南京敎育部編審委員會，香港總督部指定敎科書：

國定敎科書初中代數 (1943)
國定敎科書初中公民 v1-2 (1943)
國定敎科書初中動物 v1-2 (1943)
國定敎科書初中化學 (1943)
國定敎科書初中國文 v1-2 (1943)
國定敎科書初中外國史 (1943)
國定敎科書初中外國地理 (1943)
國定敎科書初中日語 (1942)
國定敎科書初中本國史 v1-2 (1943)
國定敎科書初中本國地理 v1-4 (1943)
國定敎科書初中植物 v1-2 (1943)
國定敎科書初中生理衛生 (1942)
國定敎科書初中算術 (1943)
國定敎科書初小常識 (1943)
國定敎科書高小公民 v1 -4(1943)
國定敎科書高小地理 (1943)
國定敎科書高小歷史 v1-4 (1943)
國定敎科書高小算術 v1-4 (1943)
國定敎科書高小自然 v1-4 (1943)

Peter Pan in colonial Shanghai

Peter Pan! Peter Pan was one of my favourite characters in my childhood and I was thrilled to see the following advertisement of this play presented by the Shanghai Public School for Girls in the Shanghai-based nationwide English newspaper North-China Daily News in the 1920s.

(NCDN, 10 January, 1920, front page)

professionalization of everything

"professionalization of everything - the provision of degrees for so many different kinds of work - is one form in which higher education acts opportunistically. That is: it attracts more customers for credit hours with the (increasingly hollow promise of the kinds of security nostalgically associated with the classical professions of law, medicine, education, and so forth." (p. 148)

- Marc Bousquet's How the university works : higher education and the low-wage nation (New York: New York University Press, 2008), p. 148.

Recommended list:
Cary Nelson's No university is an island : saving academic freedom (New York: New York University Press, 2010), and the right-wing activist David Horowitz's The professors : the 101 most dangerous academics in America (Washington, DC: Regnery Pub., 2006).

蘇格蘭遊學指南

林汝耀等：《蘇格蘭遊學指南》（《走向世界叢書》，長沙：嶽麓書社，1985。據光緒三十四年（1908）鉛印本，楊向群標點）。

林汝耀，字慧生，江蘇金壇人。光緒年間留學蘇格蘭格蘭斯哥大學，習工科船政，1907留蘇學生會副書記。

序；
蘇格蘭大學簡言；
蘇格蘭大學學期；
蘇格蘭大學考試；
大學學科課目；
愛丁堡農專門學校調查；
格蘭斯哥工藝專門學校調查；
工廠實習調查；
遊學費用；
來蘇旅行；
留蘇學生姓氏錄；
進校試題一覽（系本年者）；
附錄：
英國全境大學調查；
英國船政小史；
船政之學法；
謹告華商之與賽博覽會者。

序：

近日言遊學者，首日本，美次之，英、德、法、比又次之。西風東漸，中土求學者流，無遠弗屆。近頃調查，我國留學英倫者，牛津、圜橋大學及倫敦大學而外，利物浦、孟溪斯多、牛街沙、利慈、盤明亨、歇菲爾等處，無不有中國學生。朝陽鳴鳳，蔚為吉人，此其時矣。而蘇格蘭境內，識時俊髦，翩然來者，寥如晨星。豈不以地稍遠，商務稀，前無為之呼，斯後無為之應哉！

比數年來，邦人篤學之士，考察蘇境學界，不亞於英倫。於是聲應氣求，公費私費諸生，來者賡續。愛丁堡前年中國學生不過三四人，今則增而為十有一人（頁605）矣。格蘭斯哥前年中國學生僅人，今則驟增而為十六人矣。此外洈北淀一城，亦有中國學生數人，類多受課於中學，從事預備，待入專科。我國同學，方色然以喜，幸氣類子孤，可與樂群而進業也。雖然，以蘇格蘭全境，大學校四，學生盈萬，而我國留學者乃區此二十餘人。衡諸德法諸國，不過十之一；衡諸美國，不過百之一；衡諸日本，更無論矣。

英以實業立國。蘇格蘭各校，實業科學，頡頏英倫。而藝學發明家，如對數學之訥皮亞，汽機學之占士瓦，物理學之克爾芬等，並為各國崇仰。近年其學部復加意振興藝學，於理化、工程、醫術各門，皆極力擴充。我國學者乃珊珊其來遲，豈輪帆之艱阻，抑介紹有未周？旅蘇同人，以為徒閉戶自精，不舉所知以為同胞餉，非所以盡留學義務也。乃於今春，聯愛丁堡、格蘭斯哥兩地同志，立一留蘇中國學生會。就各人所肄業、所閱歷可以為來學助者，類集務分，編為小冊。俾內地志士，得以詳考情勢，從其所好，早定方針。苟發軔其不迷，蓋展裳而相就，斯編雖陋，或有取焉。（頁606）

又可參考：劉曉琴：《中國近代留英教育史》（天津：南開大學出版社，2005）。

看花

銀杏葉落，杜鵑花開。學期完結，考試伊始。

每天沿著山邊小經步行回到辦公室，細看兩旁樹木的四季變化。

走到荷花池，豁然開朗，抬頭仰望，灰白色的大樓上，畫上兩行嬌艷的鮮紅。

三、四月間，朋友們都飛到日本去。屏息靜氣地看花。時值櫻花盛放，櫻花也在臉書盛放。

附近的公共屋邨有一棵紅花馬蹄甲，佇立在公園邊陲，沒人理會。

我獨愛拐個彎，慢慢地走到紅花樹下，舉目仰望，欣賞她的美。

看美麗的花，何需遠道東洋，花不就在咫尺之間嗎？

－寫於五月間

brilliant quotes on education

"We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for ten or fifteen years, and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing."
- Ralph Waldo Emerson, poet

‎"Nothing in education is so astonishing as the amount of ignorance it accumulates in the form of inert facts."
- Henry Brooks Adams, writer

"Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten."
- B. F. Skinner, psychologist

"I have never let my schooling interfere with my education."
- Mark Twain, writer

"Your learning is useless to you till you have lost your textbooks, burnt your lecture notes, and forgotten the minutiae which you learned by heart for the examination."
- Alfred North Whitehead, philosopher

55 essential ideas to help smart people

The rules of business: 55 essential ideas to help smart people (and organizations) perform at their best / by Fast company's editors and writers, and Paul B. Brown. (New York : Doubleday, 2005).

illuminating quotes from famous or important figures in different fields.

Chapter 1 - Change
#1 The first rule of business is the same as the first rule of life: Adapt or die.
#2 Innovation is difficult and often painful. But there is no alternative. (See Rule 1: Adapt or die.)
#3 When should you initiate change? When things are going perfectly.
#4 Regardless of how realistic you think you are being, the change process will take three times as long as you like.

Chapter 2 - Communication
#5 Employees need to know—in painstaking detail—what you want to do and why. They need to hear it again and again. Don’t forget: It’s impossible for them to hear it too often.
#6 If you can’t communicate, you can’t lead.
#7 If you can’t get your message across quickly, you aren’t going to get it across at all.

Chapter 3: Creativity and Innovation
#8 Nothing is more overrated than a new idea. Ideas by themselves are worthless. It’s what you do with them that matters.
#9 If your cool new product or service doesn’t generate enough money to cover costs and make a profit, it isn’t innovation, it’s art. If you covet awards, go to Hollywood.
#10 Make innovation pay its way. Business units should have to fund the research they want, instead of receiving a handout from corporate. Having to pay for it is a sure way to guarantee that the research is going to be focused.

Chapter 4: Customer Service
#11 In the proverbial 10 words or less, here is the key to customer service: Ask customers what they want, and give it to them.

Chapter 5: Decision Making
#12 “No” is the second best answer you can get to any question you ask.
#13 Not deciding is a decision. That’s the problem with procrastinating.
#14 It is extremely hard to make a list of all the things you haven’t thought of. That explains why it is important to open up the decision-making process to as many people as possible.

Chapter 6: Welcome to the Design Revolution
#15 Design will be the next place companies battle for competitive advantage.
#16 Yes, it is important to be innovative, eye-catching, and fun. But if consumers can’t easily use your design, they won’t buy your product.

Chapter 7: Execute!
#17 If you don’t execute, you won’t accomplish a thing.
#18 Hold people accountable. Reward those who execute. Coach those who don’t. And if they still don’t get it, fire them. You aren’t helping them, or the organization, by having them stick around.

Chapter 8: Hiring and Developing and Retaining Great Employees
#19 No matter how overwhelmed you are with work, it is always better to hire no one than to hire the wrong person.It sounds so basic, but the rule is violated every day everywhere—with disastrous results.
#20 A players hire A players, B players hire C players, and C players hire losers. Let your standards slip once and you’re only two generations away from death.
#21 If you lose great people, you lose success. It’s that simple.

Chapter 9: Technology Is Not a Strategy
#22Technology is not the answer. It can enable and support the corporate vision, but by itself, technology will not give you a competitive advantage.
#23Operational silos are bad anywhere. But they are especially crippling when it comes to information technology (IT), which is vital to almost every organization’s success.

Chapter 10: Knowledge
#24 Don’t have your people waste time figuring out what someone else in the company has already discovered. Create and maintain an efficient knowledge management system to share experiences companywide.
#25 Data are a series of facts. Information is a lot of data about a topic combined with some context. Ideally companies want to manage information in such a way that it yields knowledge: information that has been processed in such a way that it can be used for competitive advantage.

Chapter 11: Leadership
#26 The principles governing how you lead must remain absolutely constant. How you express them must vary every single time, depending on your audience. You need to make sure they understand what you are trying to do—and what their role is.
#27 Leaders lead.
#28 Leadership is the art of getting people to do what you want because they want to.
#29 Leaders need to say two things: “This is where we are going,” and “This is why we need you to help us get there.”

Chapter 12: Life and Career
#30 Achieving balance in your life is a time-management problem and needs to be treated as such. What that means is you figure out what you absolutely must accomplish in your personal and professional lives, and let everything else slide.
#31 You can do anything, but not everything.
#32 Take breaks. Not only will it make you more productive, if you go out and see the world you are bound to spot opportunities.

Chapter 13: Managing
#33 Great managers are just as important as great leaders.
#34 The closer top management is to the customer, the more successfuI an organization is Iikely to be.
#35 Your employees are never going to know how they are doing—and how they can do better—unless you tell them.

Chapter 14: Marketing
#36 Nothing happens in business until the customer says yes.
#37 If the dogs won’t eat the dog food, it is bad dog food. Period. Similarly, if customers won’t buy your product or service, you are not giving them what they either want or need. It’s your fault, not theirs.
#38 Every communication with a customer must answer the two questions that they always have (even if they don’t always express them to you): “What do you have and why should I care?”
#39 Our three rules of advertising: Don’t insult us, tell the truth, and have a sense of humor. Violate these rules at your own peril.

Chapter 15: The Organization and Corporate Culture
#40 We get the kind of organization we deserve.
#41 If you have a senior vice president of administration, something is terribly wrong. You shouldn’t need a bureaucracy to manage thebureaucracy. In fact, you shouldn’t have a bureaucracy at all.
#42 Ultimately, everything is personal.

Chapter 16: Teamwork and Partnerships
#43 The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. If not, you have a serious management challenge on your hands.
#44 In well-run companies, everyone is needed but no one is indispensable. In other words, teamwork is built in.
#45 Just because everyone wears the same uniform does not mean they are a team.

Chapter 17: Risk
#46 Let us edit a long-standing cliché: No prudent risk, no fairly predictable rewards.

Chapter 18: Social Responsibility, Trust, and Ethics
#47 You can’t be a little bit ethical. Either you are ethical or you are not. There is no in-between.
#48 Everybody must understand and internalize the company’s core values. Doing so frees up time, because you don’t have to debate the organization’s core beliefs. Everyone knows what they are. It also frees resources. When people know what they are supposed to do, they need less supervision.
#49 If it is not right, don’t do it; if it is not true, don’t say it.

Chapter 19: Speed
#50 In today’s economy, it’s the fast companies that trounce the slow.
#51 Look to streamline your operation everywhere. The cumulative effect can be astonishing.
#52 Just because you occasionally step on the accelerator doesn’t mean you can keep it floored indefinitely. Organizations can run flat out only for short periods.

Chapter 20: Strategy and Growth
#53 If you don’t know where you are going, any road will take you there. You need a clear strategy and a clear direction, one that everyone in the organization understands as well as you do.
#54 As IBM’s Tom Watson would say: Think!

Chapter 21: The Link Between Success and Failure
#55 If you haven’t had one spectacular failure in your life, you haven’t tried hard enough.

The Educational Directory for China (1905)

The Educational Directory for China - An Account of the Various Schools and Colleges Connected with Protestant Missions and also Government and Private Schools under Foreign Supervision (1905)

Appendix A: Courses of study for male institutions

1. Anglo-Chinese College. Ningpo, Chehkiang Province (Eng United Meth. Mission)
2. Anglo-Chinese College. Shanghai, Kiangsu Province (Meth. Ep. South)
3. Christian College in China. Canton, Kwangtung Province. (Undenominational)
4. East China Baptist Theological Seminary. Shao-shing, Chehkiang Province. (Bap. Miss. Un.)
5. Hui-An Boys' School. Hui-An (via Amoy), Chehkiang. (London Mission)
6. International Institute. 尚賢堂. Shanghai, Kiangsu Province. (Secular)
7. Nanking University. Nanking, Kiangsu Province. (Meth. Ep.)
8. Nanyang College. Shanghai, Kiangsu Province. (Secular)
9. Peking University. Peking, Chihli Province. (Meth. Epis. Mission)
10. Soochow University. Soochow, Kiangsu Province. (M. E. Church, South)
11. St. John's University. Shanghai, Kiangsu Province. (Am. Prot. Ep. Ch.)
12. The Shantung Union College. Wei-Hsien, Shantung Province (P.)
13. Tung Wen Institute. Amoy, Fuhkien Province. (Secular)
14. Arsenal Naval School. Foochow, Fuhkien Province. (Government)
15. China Inland Mission School. Chefoo, Shantung. (C. I. M.)
16. Kinwha School. (A. Bapt. M. U.) 
17. Nyen-hang-li Middle School for Boys (Basel Mission) 
18. Dublin University Mission Course in Country Day-schools (Fuhning) 
19. London Mission Day-school Curriculum (Hankow) 
20. David Hill School for the Blind (W. M. S., Hankow)

Appendix B: Courses of study: for females

1. Chinkiang Girls' School. Chinkiang, Kiangsu Province. (M. E. Mission)
2. Church Missionary Society Girls' Boarding-School. Fuhning, Fuhkien Province. (C. M. S.)
3. Girls' Boarding School of the Reformed Church in America. Kolongsu, Amoy, Fuhkien Province. 
4. London Mission Girls' School. Huian (via Amoy), Fuhkien Province.
5. Presbyterian Girls' Boarding School. Shanghai, Kiangsu Province. (A. P. M.)

Intercultural Communication and Networks: Cross Pacific English-Chinese Phrase Books in the Nineteenth Century

Intercultural Communication and Networks: Cross Pacific English-Chinese Phrase Books in the Nineteenth Century (first draft published on 20 July 2015)


Route 1: From Malacca to Canton (Anglo-Chinese College)
Route 2: From Hong Kong to California and Australia (Anglo-Chinese College, translators, and Chinese Migration)
Route 3: Trans-America: From New York to California (Chinese Migration)
Route 3: Shanghai to Beijing (Translation, translators, and Modernisation)


1. The English and Chinese student’s assistant, or colloquial phrases,letters &c, in English and Chinese: The Chinese by Shaou Tih, a native Chinese student, in the Anglo Chinese College, Malacca (Malacca: The Mission Press, 1826). 袁德輝

2. Devils Talk (Canton: 1830s-1840s). 《鬼話》

3. James Legge, A Lexilogus of the English, Malay, and Chinese Languages; Comprehending the Vernacular Idoms of the Last in the Hok-Keen and Canton Dialect (Malacca: Printed at the Anglo-Chinese Mission Press, 1841).

4. 《紅毛買賣通用鬼話》 (Canton: 榮德堂 1837). The Common Foreign Language of the Redhaired People.

5. 《紅毛番話貿易須知》 (Canton: 富桂堂, 以文堂, 五桂堂, c.1837 ). The Redhaired People's Buying and Selling Usual Ghost Language.

《紅毛通用番話》（成德堂、璧德堂）

6. Robert Thom, Chinese and English Vocabulary, Part First 《華英通用雜話》上卷 (Canton, 1843). 羅伯聃。　《漢英通用雜話》（東京：青井堂，1860）。

7. Stanislas Hernisz, A Guide to Conversation in the English and Chinese Languages for the Use of Americans and Chinese in California and Elsewhere 《習漢英合話》 (Boston: John P. Jewett & Co.; Cleveland, Jewett, Proctor and Worthington; London, Trubner & Co., 1854).

8. 子卿／子芳：《華英通語》（香港？：協德堂藏板，1855）。《增訂華英通語》（東京：快堂藏板，1860）。《華英通語》（香港：西營盤恆茂藏板，1860）。《華英通語集全》（香港：藏文堂印，1879）。《華夷通語》（新嘉坡：古友軒藏板，1883）《新增華英通語》（香港：文裕堂，1893）。　 據内田慶市：〈Pidgin──異語言文化接觸中的一種現象〉，《東アジア文化交渉研究》，第2号，2009，頁197-207。

9. 朱瑞生：《廣肇英語》（香港？：1857-1862）。 English through the Vernaculars of the Canton and Shiuhing Prefectures.  竊以上帝鑒民，遐邇一體。聖人愛眾，天下一家。......東粵通商，近悅遠來，而英賈物盛，洋行買賣，全以英語互相答問。博學之士，以文譯語，以語通傳者，不乏其人。......余生長廣肇，少習英文，爰將廣肇土談而通譯之，俾得將文求語，了然無疑。由此申之，別省別府，俱可尋文而垂譯焉。其于通商貿易遠遊外邦，未必無小補云爾。　咸豐辛酉嘉平月　瑞生朱祿序。 who was 朱瑞生 (Chu A-luk, a graduate of Anglo-Chinese College and a student of James Legge)? To be continued.

10. 《華番貿易言語通曉》（廣州：省城　○　經堂，1858）。內附各國磅碼成斤秤法鬼字。上卷詞彙，下卷句子。

11. 馮澤夫：《英話註解》（上海：著昌堂，1860）。張寶楚

12. 唐廷樞：《英語集全》（廣州：緯經堂，1862）。

13. William Lobscheid, Select Phrases and Reading Lessons in the Canton Dialect (Hongkong: Noronha, 1864).

14. 莎彝尊授男夢巖輯：《英語官話合講》（廣州：同治四年六月刊，1865）。Sau Mang Yian, Tones of the Mandarin Dialect are Given in English and Chinese (Canton, 1865).

15. Benoni Lanctot, Chinese and English phrase book: with the Chinese pronunciation indicated in English : specially adapted for the use of merchants, travelers and families 《華英通語》 (San Francisco; A. Roman & Company, 1867, 2nd rev. and enl. ed.).

16. 曹驤：《英字入門》（1874）。

17. N. B. Dennys, A Handbook of the Canton Vernacular of the Chinese Language: Being a Series of Introductory Lessons, for Domestic and Business Purposes (London: Trübner & Co.; Hong Kong: “China Mail” Office, 1874). 初學階

18. Wong Sam, An English-Chinese Phrase Book: Together with the vocabulary of trade, law, etc. : also, a complete list of Wells, Fargo & Co's offices in California, Nevada, etc. (San Francisco: Cubery & Co., Book and General Job Printers, 1875). 

19. 楊勛：《英字指南》（1879）。

20. （英）喀爾氏撰，汪鳳藻譯：《英文舉隅》（北京：北京同文館聚珍版本，1879（光緒五年），丁韙良鑑定）。蜚英館1887年有重印。多誤以為是 Simon Kerl’s A Common-School Grammar of the English Language (New York: Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman, & Co., 1866)，其實是其 An Elementary Grammar of the English Language (New York: Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman & Co., 1868, 21st ed.).

21. 《無師自通英語錄》（上海：點石齋畫報，1884）。

22. Kwong Ki Chiu, The First Conversation Book, Containing Common and Simple Words Wrought into Illustrative Sentences, Classified and Accented, and Many of Them Defined, with Some Grammatical Information and Word Analysis, to Which Are Added Sections on the English Language, Penmanship, Health, Duties in Various Relations; also Sketches of Peter the Great, President Lincoln, Grant, and Garfield. Designed for Use in Schools 《英語彙腋初集》(Shanghai: Wah Cheung, 1885). The Second Conversation Book, Containing a Section on Aids to Reading, an Illustrated List of Important and Special Words, Also, Extended Conversations on One Hundred and Eighty-nine Familiar Practical Subjects, Under the General Heads : the Weather, Social Intercourse, the Expression of Thought and Feeling, Education, Business, Travel, Etc., Etc.,. Designed for Use in Schools 《英語彙腋二集》 (Shanghai: Wah Cheung, 1885).

23. T. L. Stedman and K. P. Lee, A Chinese and English Phrase Book in the Canton Dialect (New York: William R. Jenkins, 1888). 英語不求人

24. J. Dyer Ball, Cantonese Made Easy: A book of simple sentences in the Cantonese dialect, with free and literal translations, and directions for the rendering of English grammatical forms in Chinese (Hong Kong: “China Mail” Office, 1888, 2nd ed.).

25. Johnson Sun, The Self-Educator  (Sydney, c1891; Sydney, 1892, 2nd enlarged ed.). 孫俊臣 editor of the "Chinese Herald" 廣益華報, Sydney, Australia. 無師自曉　英文雜話

26. Second Book of Chinese and English Lessons, for the use of schools (on the basis of the “Second Book of Lessons”). Translated by Chow Loke Chee. Second edition. Hongkong : Man Yu Tong, 1893. BL

27. 鄭聰博：《華英類語》（1893）

28. 張德彝：《英文話規》（1898）。

29. 謝洪賚：《華英初階》（上海：商務書館，1898）。Christian Literature Society for India (before 1891, Christian Vernacular Education Society for India): archives in SOAS and HKBU (microfiches).

30.  Walter Brooks Brouner and Fung Yuet Mow 馮悅茂, Chinese Made Easy (New York: Macmillan; London: Macmillan, 1904). 你噲講唐話咩

31. 鄭聰甫: Chinese and English Phrase Book and Dictionary 華英類語 （Vancouver: Thomson Stationery Company, 1909）。


references for future use:
Elizabeth Sinn, Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong (HKU, 2012).
Adam M. McKeown, "Chinese Emigration in Global Context, 1850-1940." Journal of Global History 5 (2010): 95-124.
Adam M. McKeown, "Conceptualizing Chinese Diasporas, 1842 to 1949." Journal of Asian Studies 58 (1999): 306-37.

newspaper database:
California Digital Newspaper Collection
language books:
https://forum.librivox.org/viewtopic.php?t=21482

Banks in Hong Kong in 1864-65

28,016. The Hong Kong stock market rallied in the past few days surging to 7-year high since the global financial crisis yesterday.

A couple of hours after the market closed, investors and speculators resumed to their laptops and tablets to take another chance. HSBC 150th Anniversary Banknote.

Several weeks ago, my mother phoned me to ask whether I will apply for the winners-take-all lucky draw for the banknote for myself and her online. I coldly declined.

I never knew my mother, a retired housewife-investor/speculator, is, like me, a historian. I never knew she is interested in HSBC's history. I never knew HSBC was established in 1865.

All in a sudden, everyone in town is talking about HSBC but rarely touches on its founding history.

150th anniversary means that HSBC opened for business in 1865. As a historian obsessive with facts and figures, without Frank H.H. King's formidable books on HSBC's history from the beginning and David Kynaston and Richard Roberts' latest book on HSBC's modern history (published in March 2015, exactly 150 years) in hand, I searched my database for an answer and found three directories published in Hong Kong from 1864 to 1866 particularly useful.

Century-old directories were produced for commerce use and similar to today's business directories, which list names of companies, its proprietors and employees. They were published in January. A directory for 1865, for example, is the work done by the compiler in 1864.

According to the Directory for both 1866 and 1865, there were 11 banks  in Hong Kong (yes, nearly a dozen in this small colony!):
     1. Agra and Masterman's Bank, Limited.
     2. Asiatic Banking Corporation [agent only]
     3. Bank of Hindostan, China and Japan (Limited)
     4. Bank of India
     5. Central Bank of Western India
     6. Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China
     7. Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London, and China
     8. Commercial Bank Corporation of India & the East
     9. Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris
     10. Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Co. (Limited)
     11. Oriental Bank Corporation

Whilst the Directory for 1866 gives a list of managers, accountants, a clerk, and an agent in London, only the manager, Victor Kresser (who was an acting manager for Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris before joining HSBC), is recorded in the Directory for 1865. It means that in 1864, HSBC was founded but with a single staff member in 1864 it may be true that it opened for business not until March 1865 as it is stated in HSBC's official history.

元朗一日遊

元朗一日遊，由一個零晨兩點的whatsapp voice message開始。

零晨兩點，電話傳來舊生的whatsapp voice msg，
邀請到元朗劇院，觀看他的舞台表演。
一口答應，然後開始盤算今日的行程。

午飯時刻意留肚，準備入元朗大吃大喝。
元朗一日遊由元朗劇院開始。
《我不完美》，表演精彩。合家歡節目，互動有趣，富教育意義。
表演過後和他寒暄，聊兩句己經足夠，一切都，在心中。
你，是屬於舞台的。
我，每次看舞台劇，都有得著。
畢竟，在lecture room/hall教書，面對少則50人，多則200人，
總有上台表演的感覺，每次都要求自己good show。
教書，就是說故事。語氣緩急，表情動作，甚至道具，都要鋪排。
看舞台劇，就是取經的好時候。

第二站是永年士多。
名曰士多，實是車仔麵檔。
名曰檔，大裝修後，已是店。
想起十年前因公事到元朗劇院，路過永年，打算隨便醫肚。
假如你有一見鍾情的經驗，永年絕對不會令你失望。
假如永年都令你失望，只因為你沒有在對的時間光顧。
因為，真係好多人。
你叫我排隊吃拉麵，我寧願排隊吃永年。
假如你嗜辣，永年的招牌辣汁會令你明白，
沒有最好，只有更好。
永年會顛覆你對車仔麵的概念，
令你不會再在鬧市吃車仔麵，從一而終。

第三站是勝利牛丸。
在永年又留肚，準備去勝利再戰。
行到勝利附近，看見一間掛滿地產廣告的吉舖，
以為自己路痴，半年沒有去勝利，連地方都去錯。
行近，居然，心裏一沉，人去舖空，關門大吉，
比分手還要大的打擊。
再行近，原來分店還在。
勝利牛丸，獨沽一味，牛。丸　●●●●●●●●
你以為潮洲牛丸好，
作為潮州仔，我會說，勝利牛丸更好。
勝利牛丸雖然沒有撒尿牛丸般花巧，但肯定令你更有自信心，
可以告訴朋友，最真材實料的牛丸在元朗勝利。
碰巧老板娘在場，問起吉舖一事。
原來，業主加租。我問，加40/50%。
她說，100%，由9萬加至18萬！
不如去搶！不，應該是，比搶還要好。
捱過沙士，敵不過業主。
資本主義比沙士還要邪惡。
最後，我吃一碗，再買半斤，100大元。
貴？
要比100大元的MSG排隊拉麵，貴嗎？
和老板娘及伙記搭訕，有說有笑，
相比木口木面，甚或惡言相向的茶記，貴嗎？

P.S. 在澳洲牛奶公司，只要你配合，一樣有講有笑

第四站，大馬路參觀大藥房。
果然，元朗人不是體格孱弱，就一定是富貴病多。
大馬路上，中西大藥房林立。
唉，病，最忌藥石亂投。
不過，見到一間說租金昂貴，執笠中。

第五站，回到荃灣，
不忘到元朗阿玉豆腐花荃灣分店，
食碗芝麻糊豆花，
伴著附近一名年青結他手自彈自唱，
元朗一日遊結束。

大陸史觀

大中華青年在線的《吃史》網站指：

1949年12月7日，「中華民國政府宣佈遷都台北，中華民國在大陸的統治宣告結束。」

假如在大陸，這種寫法是政治不正確，絕不能蒙混「過關」。根據嚴格的大陸史觀：

一、中華民國結束於1949年，1949年以後無中華民國。中華人民共和國不承認中華民國，否則就是兩個中國。中學教科書如是說，加之田餘慶、戴逸、彭明編著的《中國歷史》（北京：中國大百科全書出版社，2010）第185頁，標題清楚寫明「中華民國的結束和中華人民共和國的成立」。政權合法性「無縫交接」。

二、「國民黨政府」和「國民黨政權」是比較普遍的寫法，「中華民國政府」和「國民政府」都過於中性，不符合大陸史觀。

三、「遷都」一詞，只能夠是引述，不可以是描述。即使是引述，往往會加上引號，以別於正式的遷都。中華人民共和國定都於北平，易名北京，一國一都。中華民國覆亡於1949年，那有遷都的道理？

四、後句也很有問題。「中華民國」是國號，不是政府，不可能統治大陸，也不可能統治台灣。國民黨才是執政黨。一般的寫法都是國民政府，或國民黨在大陸的統治。

按照嚴格的大陸史觀寫法，應該是：「國民黨政府（權）『遷都』台北，國民黨在大陸的統治宣告結束。」

P.S. 《吃史》的最新寫法：「中華民國政府宣佈遷台，中華民國在大陸的統治宣告結束。」

敦煌 vs 博物館

終於，十七年後再去敦煌。

沒有穿過武威、張掖和酒泉，也沒有經過火焰山和月牙泉，更沒有夜光杯作伴。沿途只有趁墟的人潮，只有一心「禮佛」的中老年人。他們拿著智能手機，捧起單反相機，毫不吝惜地「光照」佛像。

Pierre Bourdieu和Tony Bennett說，博物館是培養文化資本和社會管治的地方。菁英份子參觀博物館，以顯示其知識水平及文化修養。政府透過博物館的種種約束和規範，達到社會管治的目的。香港的情況，是只知前者，不知後者。參觀者的行為如何，心中有數。

多年前，Pixar在文化博物館展覽。人山人海，孩子多，父母多，極其量間歇地聽到小朋友興奮的聲音。今年，敦煌載譽歸來，中老年多，閃光多，碰撞多，高聲講電話多。

Bourdieu和Bennett始終是歐洲學者，其理論不是放諸四海而皆準，於諸亞洲（脫亞入歐的日本除外），大概不能適用，尤其華人中老年齡層。

剛好十年前，Impressionism在藝術館展覽。參觀者雖眾，碰撞卻不多；沒有喧鬧，幽雅寂靜；間有閃光，都被保安制止。從藝術館走出來，有醍醐灌頂的感覺。從文化博物館走出來，感覺像走難抵壘。

耆英、Champagne與英國人

昨日師門夜宴，酒酣耳熱，亂發噏風。

席間，師傅的千金說愛飲sparkling，尤好Champagne。

今日讀書，讀到1844年法國來華使團翻譯官的日記，想不到記載了一則關於Champagne在中國的小故事，還牽涉欽差大臣耆英和英國人。

鴉片戰爭完結，清朝廷派兵部尚書耆英任欽差大使及兩廣總督，與英國、美國和法國使團談判，簽訂一系列條約（《南京條約》（英）、《望廈條約》（美）和《黃埔條約》（法）等）。

某日，耆英與法國欽差大臣Theoose-Marie de Lagrene談判期間小休，移席享用茶點，閒聊攀談。法國使團準備了法國和南非白酒，招待耆英等代表。耆英品嘗了Champagne, Frontignan muscat和Constantia (dessert wine)。

耆英似乎對洋酒的認識十分有限，問法國代表們，Champagne和Frontignan muscat是否來自法國（？！）。他說，英國使團曾經邀請他飲酸得無法下咽的紅酒，然後再讓他飲Champagne和其他甜酒。英國人說前者是法國酒，後者是英國酒（！？），再說自己是唯一製造和出口好酒的西洋國家（！？）。

究竟耆英是真不懂，還是耍把戲？看倌自我判斷。

至於耆英喜歡哪一種？同行的一名黃姓官員愛muscat，耆英就最喜歡Champagne。

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資料來源：加略利(Joseph Marie Callery)著；謝海濤譯：《1844年法國使華團外交活動日記》 Journal des opérations de la légation française en Chine （桂林：廣西師範大學出版社，2013），頁211。