What is history?

“The past is never dead. It's not even past.”
― William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun

History is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake.
- James Joyce, Ulysses

"Well-behaved women seldom make history." 
— Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (Well-Behaved Women Seldom Make History)

"When I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants and murderers, and for a time, they can seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall. Think of it--always." 
— Mahatma Gandhi

"History will be kind to me for I intend to write it." 
— Winston S. Churchill

"No matter what he does, every person on earth plays a central role in the history of the world. And normally he doesn't know it." 
— Paulo Coelho (The Alchemist)

Chinaman, Laundryman

"Chinaman"!
"Laundryman"!
Don't call me "man"!
I am worse than a slave.

Wash! wash!
Why can I wash away
The dirt of others' clothes
But not the hatred of my heart?
My skin is yellow,
Does my yellow skin color the clothes?
Why do you pay me less
For the same work:?
Clever boss!
You know
How to scatter the seeds of hatred
Among your ignorant slaves.

Iron! iron!
Why can I smooth away
The wrinkles of others' dresses
But not the miseries of my heart?
Why should I come to America
To wash clothes?
Do you think "Chinamen" in China
Wear no dresses?
I came to America
Three days after my marriage.
When can I see her again?
Only the almighty "Dollar" knows!

Dry! dry!
Why do clothes dry,
But not my tears?
I work
Twelve hours a day,
He pays
Fifteen dollars a week.
My boss says,
"Chinaman,
Go back to China
If you don't feel satisfied!
There,
unlimited hours of toil:
Two silver dollars a week,
If
You can find a job."
"Thank you, Boss!
For you remind me.
I know
Bosses are robbers
Everywhere!"

Chinese boss says:
"You Chinaman,
Me Chinaman,
Come work for me-
Work for your fellow countryman!
By the way,
You 'Wong', me 'Wong'-
Do we not belong to same family?
Ha! ha!
We are cousins!
O yes!
You 'Hai Shan', me 'Hai Shan',
Do we not come from same district?
O, come work for me;
I will treat you better!"
"GET away from here,
What is the difference,
When you come to exploit me?"

"Chinaman"!
"Laundryman"!
Don't call me "Chinaman"!
Yes, I am a "Laundryman"!
The workingman!
Don't call me "Chinaman",
I am the W orldman,
"The International Soviet
Shall be his human race" !

"Chinaman".
"Laundryman" I
All the workingmen!
Here is the brush
Made of Marxism.
Here is the soap
Made of Leninism.
Let us all
Wash with the blood!
Let us all
Press with the iron!
Wash!
Brush!
Dry!
Iron!
Then we shall have
A clean world.

Aug. 15th, 1928.

---
H. T. Tsiang 蔣希曾, Poems of the Chinese Revolution 中國革命詩 (New York: Published by the Author, 1929), p. 7-8.

英國漢學史（二）

二、戰後英國漢學史的檢討

1976年，普立本（Edwin G. Pulleyblank）撰寫了一篇短評，評鑑José Frèches的La Sinologie （漢學）時，開宗明義地懷疑，漢學史書籍能否在英語世界暢銷。他幾乎斷然否定這個可能。在法國，他卻認為，漢學史書籍能夠在法語世界風行。[i]這似乎間接證明了巴瑞特的論斷。誠然，二戰後英國漢學史的討論是最備受爭議的。

牛津、劍橋和倫敦三所大學的漢學講座，由理雅各開始，間歇地保持著就職講座的傳統。就任者每每直接或間接討論英國漢學的發展。1955年，普立本以Chinese history and world history為題在劍橋大學，發表就任漢學講座教授的講座。他備述劍橋漢學自威妥瑪以還亦繼亦續的發展，翟理斯的維多利亞式業餘研究，一般人對中國的異國情懷和刻板形象，乃至英國學術界歧視漢學的情況。字裏行間，無不表達出對當時英國整體學術界和公眾對中國無知的不滿。[ii]

1961年，兩位著名的英國漢學家先後分別在牛津大學和倫敦大學亞非學院就任漢學講座教授，前者是後來以英譯《石頭記》享譽杏壇的霍克思（David Hawkes, 1923-2009），後者是數年後以主編《劍橋中國史》（Cambridge History of China）聞名海內外的杜希德。霍克思回顧牛津大學中文教授講座的設立和歷史，兼及劍橋和倫敦大學中文教授講的發展。在基督新教、商業和殖民擴張之下所催生而成，英國漢學的發展與中英兩國交流的歷史互相呼應，中文教授講座都是由傳教士和退職的外交官員擔任。直至1938年，由逃離納粹德國的漢學家哈隆（Gustav Haloun, 1898-1951）到任劍橋大學[iii]，英國漢學終於出現第一位經過嚴格學術訓練的漢學講座教授。[iv]諷刺的是，飽受納粹德國炮轟的英國，其漢學發展卻無奈地得益於此。離牛津不遠的劍橋，中文教授講座位置懸空，陳寅恪因各種原因不能赴任。1947年，戰後第一任的講座教授也由同樣經過嚴格學術訓練的美國漢學家德效騫（Homer H. Dubs, 1892-1969）擔任。同年，倫敦大學亞非學院任命另一位逃離納粹德國的漢學家，時任中文教授（Reader in Chinese），曾受教於傅吾康（Otto Franke, 1889-1980）的猶太裔漢學家西門華德（Walter Simon, 1893-1981）[v]擢任漢學講座教授。牛津、劍橋和倫敦在二戰期間和之後的四個中文教授講座有三個由非英國人擔任（原來為傳教士的葉女士［E. D. Edwards, 1888-1957）也在亞非學院擔任漢學講座教授，她同樣經過嚴格的學術訓練，但往往被忽略），說明了英國漢學界拙於培育接班人，以及英國人對中國沒有太濃厚的學術興趣。

西門華德退休以後，杜希德接任，以Land Tenure and the Social Order in T’ang and Sung China為題，論述倫敦的中文教學傳統，繼而評價英國漢學的發展。此文可說抱著理解的同情心態，考察英國漢學發展的文章。[vi]「後之視今，亦猶今之視昔」。誠然，我們往往習慣將十九世紀的漢學家視為業餘漢學家，這固然是因為我們已經脫離了維多利亞時代紳士業餘者（gentlemen amateur scholar）的時代而邁向大學化和專業化，至少現在每個大學學者都是個別學科的專業學者。[vii]十九世紀的漢學家及不上十六、七世紀受過嚴格學術訓練的耶穌會士，而且他們都是全職的學者，還與當時一流的學者交往（如李贄〔1527-1602〕、方以智〔1611-1671〕）。十九世紀的漢學家基本上原本都是傳教士或外交官，只能夠在業餘學習中國學問，本身沒有受過學術訓練。他們隨著殖民擴張事業來到中國，沒有機會與一流的學者接觸或交往，更遑論可以像我們一樣擁有一流的圖書館。十九世紀中至二十世紀初，有志於中國學問的，都只能夠在退休後潛心於文獻中，幸運的可以在耳順之年開始（理雅各擔任漢學講座教授時62歲，威妥瑪近70歲，翟理斯52歲，劍橋大學的慕阿德〔A. C. Moule, 1873-1957〕60歲）在大學任教，不過不一定有薪金，也沒有額外資金建立中文圖書館，而且學生寥寥可數，牛津劍橋仍然未完全脫離高等教育與宗教緊扣相連的背景（這與法國漢學發展尤為不同），學生不是有志傳教就是侯任外交官，或是一心想到中國尋找商機的年輕人，但求學得足以傳教、外交或商貿應用的中文，有志求學者屈指可算。法國由十七世紀末白晉（Joachim Bouvet，1656-1730）來華延續百多年傳的法國漢學，連英國早期對中國有興趣的學者，也要以他們的著述為指南，試問英國漢學又如何可以與法國漢學相提並論。

隨後的二十多年，英國學術界跟隨美國地域研究（area studies）和社會科學的步伐，大力發展當代中國研究。此消彼長下，傳統語言文字和歷史文化的研究被忽視。不久，英國經歷保守黨首相戴卓爾大力削減高等教育的資助，學術界和漢學界受到二戰後最沉重的打擊[viii]，年青有為的漢學者紛紛離開英國，前往海外大學任職（如美國、澳洲、加拿大等）。

1987年，在如此凋零蕭瑟的背景下，亞非學院的巴瑞特以“Singular listlessness”一文揭開了全面探討英國漢學發展的序幕，後印刷成為小書（1989），是為英文學界之先聲。[ix]他批評英國漢學長期依靠外國人的慷慨襄助，教職曾多由歐洲大陸的漢學家所擔任，忽略培訓本地漢學家；圖書館的資源不足以作為一流的漢學圖書館；英國漢學一直太強調功利和商貿價值（這也是英國實用主義的傳統），停留於語言表達和溝通，忽視學術研究。一石激起千層浪。已經離開英國劍橋到美國普林斯頓任教的杜希德再次撰文，以過來人的身份，寫了一篇憂心忡忡的書評“Chinese Studies in Britain: A Review Article”，再度評價英國漢學。[x]

美國學者Norman J. Girardot並不同意巴瑞特的看法，認為他漠視業餘漢學家（gentlemen amateurs）在專業化過程的學術貢獻，以及語言參考書和翻譯書籍及漢學期刊的出版，解釋的方法（如比較語言和宗教），貢獻尤大，尤其是傳教士和外交官。[xi]世紀之初，英國同一時間有五個講座，兩個在倫敦，一個在牛津，一個在劍橋，一個在曼徹斯特。英國漢學的發展由傳教到外交及商貿而起，過去一百五十多年發展，研究方向由口語溝通到文獻鑽研，由語文翻譯擴至哲學、歷史、宗教、文化，由先秦經典到當代政治（指當時的清代和民國）；由遙遠的觀察者到躺椅學者（armchair scholars），安坐在象牙塔中研究學問的所謂紳士業餘學者（gentlemen amateur scholar），進而有專業化和大學化的國際級學者；普及化者有韋利，願景最大者如李約瑟等，英國漢學可謂多姿多采。十九世紀中後期，法國漢學界設立表揚和紀代法國漢學家儒蓮的儒蓮獎（Prix Stanislas Julien），第一屆的得獎者就是理雅各，其後翟理斯兩次獲獎（1898和1911），斯坦因一次（1909），慕阿德一次（1927），德效騫也得一次（1947）。儘管他們部分著作的學術價值已經被後來者蓋過，但無損他們當年的貢獻。英國漢學家在漢學界的地位和影響力由此可見一斑。

---

[i] José Frèches La Sinologie (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1975). Edwin G. Pulleyblank, Review of José Frèches’s La Sinologie, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Summer, 1976), pp. 335-336.

[ii] Edwin G. Pulleyblank, Chinese history and world history: an inaugural lecture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955).

[iii] 哈隆於1923年在Leipzig University取得博士學位，受業於匈牙利漢學家Arthur von Rosthorn (1862-1945)和德國漢學家August Conrady (1864-1925)。Rosthorn曾經在1882-1886年間在牛津當研究生時受益於理雅各。Conrady也是Rosthorn的學生，他自己的學生還包括猶太裔德國人Bruno Schindler (1882-1964)（漢學期刊Asia Major的發起人）。某程度上，可以稱哈隆為理雅各的再傳學生。Martin Kern, “The Emigration of German Sinologists, 1933-1945,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 118, No. 4, (Oct. - Dec., 1998), p. 520. Bernhard Führer’s Vergessen und Verloren: Die Geschichte der Österreichischen Chinastudien (Forgotten and Lost: The History of Chinese Studies in Austria) (Bochum: Projekt Verlag, 2001), pp. 231-234, 轉引自Erich Pilz (皮爾茲), Book Review of Bernhard Führer’s Vergessen und Verloren: Die Geschichte der Österreichischen Chinastudien,” Chinese Studies （《漢學研究》），Vol. 19, no. 2 (Dec. 2001), pp. 437-445, p. 443.

[iv] David Hawkes, Chinese: Classical, Modern and Humane (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961). An inaugural lecture delivered before the University of Oxford on 25 May 1961. Also in John Minford and Siu-kit Wong (eds.), Classical, Modern and Humane: Essays in Chinese Literature (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1989), pp. 3-23.

[v] Wolfgang Franke, “The Younger Generation of German Sinologists," Monumenta Serica, Vol. 5(1940), pp. 437-46. Martin Kern, “The Emigration of German Sinologists, 1933-1945,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 118, No. 4, (Oct. - Dec., 1998), pp. 524-525.

[vi] Denis Twitchett, Land Tenure and the Social Order in T’ang and Sung China: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered on 28 November 1961 (London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 1962). 同時間還有J. D. Chinnery and R. Russell, “Oriental Studies in British Universities,” Universities Quarterly, Vol. 14, Issue 3, May, 1960, pp. 287-298.

[vii] 英國學術界由紳士業餘者進入專業學者的過程可參A. J. Engel, From Clergyman to Don: The Rise of Academic Profession in Nineteen-Century Oxford (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983). Philippa Levine, The amateur and the professional: antiquarians, historians, and archaeologists in Victorian England, 1838-1886 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). J. Morrell, “Professionalisation,” in R. C. Olby (et al.), A companion to the history of modern science (London: Routledge, 1990), pp. 980-989. David Bebbington, “The Secularization of British Universities since the Mid-Nineteenth Century,” in George Marsden, Bradley J. Longfield (eds.), The secularization of the academy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 259-277.

[viii] 可參Robert Stevens, University to uni: the politics of higher education in England since 1944 (London: Politico’s, 2004). Eric J. Evans, Thatcher and Thatcherism (London: Routledge, 2^nd ed., 2004).

[ix] 其後又有Michael Loewe, “The Origins and Growth of Chinese Studies in the U.K.,” in Chinese Studies in U.K., European Association of Chinese Studies, Survey No. 7, (1998), pp. 7-11.

[x] Hugh D. Baker, “Short Notice of Singular listlessness,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1990), p. 588. Paul W. Kroll, “Review of Singular listlessness,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 112, No. 1, (Jan. – Mar., 1992), pp. 178-179. Denis Twitchett, “Chinese Studies in Britain: A Review Article,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd series, 5, pt. 2 (July 1995), pp. 245-252. Thomas Kampen, “China in Europe: A Brief Survey of European China Studies at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century,” China Review International, Volume 7, Number 2, Fall 2000, p. 293.

[xi] Norman J. Girardot, The Victorian Translation of China: James Legge’s Oriental Pilgrimage (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), pp. 6-8, 144-145. 更早地正面評價英國漢學的是John P. Martin的文學碩士論文 “A Critical Survey of French Sinology, 1870-1900” (unpublished M.A. thesis, Georgetown University, 1966), cited from The Victorian Translation of China: James Legge’s Oriental Pilgrimage, pp. 600-601.

英國漢學史（一）

引言：失諸交臂

            一直以來，牛津和劍橋都執掌學術界之牛耳。清末民初的知識份子對其趨之若鶩，紛紛投考公費或自資出國，學習新知識。浪漫主義者徐志摩筆（1897-1931）下的康橋固然已成為近百年來國人對劍橋的集體記憶，牛津紅磚牆下最著名的學者要算是錢鍾書（1910-1998）。1935年，第三屆庚子賠款公費考試，錢鍾書以英語第一名的成績考取留學生資格，赴英國牛津大學Exeter College，以論文“China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries”取得B.Litt學位。[i]錢文大抵上是中國學者研究早期英國的中國觀之濫觴。[ii]值得注意的是，錢鍾書入讀的是英國文學，而不是東方學部／系。當時的學人尚未至於飽受「群赴東鄰受國史」之譏，要遠赴英倫，追隨英國漢學家學習漢學。他們大都修讀於傳統學系（如文學、歷史等）。同一時間的國內，由英國漢學界迎來令國人振奮的消息。1938年，牛津漢學講座（Professor of Chinese，以下通稱漢學講座）教席因蘇慧廉教授（William E. Soothill, 1861-1935）病逝如闕，在各方的推薦下，牛津大學邀請沒有正式學位的北京大學教授陳寅恪（1890-1969）擔任漢學講座教授。[iii]陳寅恪在較早時間申請劍橋的漢學講座教席失敗，迎來了牛津的禮聘，誠然是可喜可賀之事，不過卻由於中國駐英大使和中國協會等各方的權力鬥爭，加上二次世界大戰和陳寅恪本身的眼睛出現問題，導致直至今日，牛津劍橋仍然未有中國人擔任漢學講座教授的位置。相比起美國哈佛大學早於1870年代禮聘戈鯤化（1838-1882）赴美教授中文，英國漢學發展實在是十分緩慢。[iv]

            牛津劍橋之外的學府，首要是倫敦大學。倫大的氛圍與牛津劍橋大異其趣，在相同時間的於亞非學院生活和教學者，著名的有文學家老舍（1899-1966）、蕭乾（1910-1999）和蔣彝（1903-1977）。[v]老舍在倫敦的生活在其文章中活靈活現，虛中有實，實中有虛。蕭乾的報告文學中的英倫生活是同時代人的精神食糧。老舍和蕭乾的作家身份相近，經歷頗有相近之處。老舍和蕭乾在昏暗霧濃的倫敦不但依舊筆耕不輟，而且就在這段時間奠定了作家的身份和地位，甚至與當時得令的小說家有過聯繫。老舍在任教中文的時候似乎教授過著名小說家Graham Greene（1904-1991）[vi]。蕭乾更是由於他能夠以英文寫作及演講，所以活躍於倫敦文藝界，更與小說家和記者George Orwell（1903-1950）友好，經常受對方邀請，為BBC錄音講授中國文學和文學界的動態。[vii]畫家兼作家蔣彝同樣在亞非學院教授中文，以英文撰寫的The Silent Traveller（啞行者）遊記系列聞名於英國及歐美。[viii]

一、牛津劍橋（Oxbridge）的漢學家[ix]

英國漢學界近一百五十多年來最舉足輕重的漢學家為人所熟悉者，屈指可數，如馬禮遜（Robert Morrison, 1782-1834）、理雅各（James Legge, 1815-1897） 、威妥瑪（Thomas F. Wade, 1818-1895）、翟理斯（Herbert A. Giles, 1845-1935）、韋利（Arthur Waley, 1889-1966）和李約瑟（Joseph Needham, 1900-1995）。馬禮遜是在清政府禁止洋人學習中文的法律規範下私學；理雅各擔任牛津大學首任漢文教授，但沒有如法國漢學家雷慕沙（Abel Rémusat, 1778-1832）般培育出像儒蓮（Stanislas Julien, 1797?-1873）一樣的傑出漢學家；威妥瑪和翟理斯的漢學成就只令人想起其Wade-Giles中文拼音系統；韋利自學中文，但不會說中文，也沒有踏足過或打算去中國；李約瑟本來是一個科學家，在事業如日中天之際轉攻中國科學史，被稱為中國國際友人，其名聲幾乎蓋過了所有同時期和之前的英國漢學家。這六位漢學家在英國漢學界的歷練應該說是足以反映英國漢學的特色[x]，似乎可以用英國學者Tim Barrett（巴瑞特，一譯巴雷特）所指稱的“Singular listlessness”來形容[xi]。

英國大西洋對岸的美國，在社會科學成為顯學的1960年代，中國學界掀起了一遍打倒漢學的熱潮。儘管師承歐洲和日本漢學傳統的英國學者杜希德（Denis Twitchett, 1925-2006）嘗試力排眾議，以一篇擲地有聲的“A Lone Cheer”論文為備受責難的漢學喝采[xii]，英國漢學界所能夠為後來者追述的，除了是薪水低微或教學繁重，似乎是漢學家之間的無情詰難，或是莊士敦爵士（Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston, 1874-1938）擔任亞非學院漢學講座教授時期失縱的新聞[xiii]，乃至隱士巴克斯（Sir Edmund Backhouse, 1873-1944）偽造日記等啖助軼聞[xiv]，無一不為英國漢學史添上離奇的面紗。

英國沒有經歷過美國在冷戰時期的麥卡錫時代的白色恐佈，美國學者甚至以“Studying China is Dangerous”來形容這個時代對中國研究學者的威脅[xv]，反而接收過來自美國的政治難民學者拉鐵摩爾教授（Owen Lattimore, 1900-1989），並且奠定了利茲大學（University of Leeds）的漢學和蒙古學基礎，傲視同儕。這些都不可不謂是英國漢學的特別之處。

來源：〈第一部英國漢學史專著──評熊文華的《英國漢學史》〉，《九州學林》，2010年春夏季，頁298-323。

---

[i] 周琇環編：《中英庚款史料彙編》，中冊，台北：國史館，1993，頁268。錢文是學士學位（B. Litt）論文，但現在仍有人以為是博士論文，見Craig Clunas （柯律格）著，廖宜方等譯，〈物質文化──在東西二元論之外〉，《新史學》（台北），第17卷4期，2006年12月，2006，頁209，也可能是譯者之誤。

[ii] 較早還有不太為人熟知的方重。方重，〈十八世紀的英國文學與中國〉，《文哲季刊》，第2卷第1號，1931，後收入氏著，《英國詩文研究集》，長沙：商務印書館，1939，頁1-45。方氏在1923年畢業於清華學校，赴英就讀於史丹福大學英文系，後在加州大學柏克萊大學攻讀博士學位，論文題目是China in Eighteenth Century English Literature，可惜最後沒有完成就於1927年歸國，任教於南京中央大學。

[iii] 蔣天樞，《陳寅恪先生編年事輯（增訂本）》，上海：上海古籍出版社，1997，事見1939年春，頁118-9，126-127，137-139。劉志偉、程美寶，〈陳寅恪與「牛津」緣慳一面的真相——牛津大學聘請陳寅恪檔案〉，《明報月刊》，1999年第4期，1999，頁22-26。程美寶，〈陳寅恪與牛津大學〉，《歷史研究》，2000年第3期，2000，頁152-164。程美寶、劉志偉，〈「虛席以待」背後：牛津大學聘任陳寅恪事續論〉，載胡守為主編，《陳寅恪與二十世紀中國學術》，杭州：浙江人民出版社，2000年，頁693-708。

[iv] Harvard’s Chinese Professor, New York Times, 30^th Aug., 1879, p. 5.

[v] 十七世紀末，南京人沈福宗已曾造訪倫敦。關於沈福宗及後來者，參陳國棟，〈雪爪留痕──十八世紀的訪歐華人〉，《故宮學術季刊》，第21卷第2期，2003年冬季，頁233-263。又參J. P. May, “The Chinese in Britain, 1860-1914,” in Colin Holmes (ed.), Immigrants and Minorities in British Society, (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1978), pp. 111-124. Ng Kwee Choo, The Chinese in London, (London: Institute of Race Relations and Oxford University Press, 1968).

[vi] Greene在British American Tobacco Company 工作，為了要到中國工作，曾在東方學院修讀中文，而該特別班由老舍教授。Robert Bickers, “New light on Lao She, London, and the London Missionary Society, 1924-1929,” Modern Chinese Literature, Vol. 8, Nos. 1/2 (1994), p 32-33. Norman Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene, Volume 1: 1904-1939 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1989), pp. 194-210. 老舍又私下教授過在上海出生，亞洲文會榮譽圖書館館長和會員Florence W. Ayscough (1875-1942)。老舍，〈東方學院〉，收入氏著，《老舍全集》，北京：人民文學出版社，第14卷〈散文．雜誌〉，1999，頁62-66。

[vii] 蕭乾是由于道泉介紹受聘於倫敦大學東方學院。時值二戰，學院疏散到劍橋，1940年大轟炸後遷回倫敦，因適齡學生多被徵伍，故學生不多。1942年重返劍橋當研究生。蕭乾，〈黙黙的奉獻者──慶祝道泉兄九十壽辰〉，《藏學研究論叢》，第4輯，拉薩：西藏人民出版社，1992，頁6-7。蕭乾曾在BBC廣播，是由George Orwell推薦。Xiao Qian, “The Friends I made in Great Britain,” in his Selected English writings by Xiao Qian ，《蕭乾英文作品選》，北京：北京語言文化大學出版社，2001，頁379-380。文潔若，〈蕭乾傳略〉，載鮑霽編，《蕭乾研究資料》，北京：北京十月文藝出版社，1988，頁3-10；〈蕭乾生平年表〉，載鮑霽編，《蕭乾研究資料》，頁10-32。〈蕭乾傳略〉，載文潔若主編，《蕭乾譯作全集》，第10卷，西安：太白文藝出版社，2005，頁599-606；〈蕭乾生平年表〉，載文潔若主編，《蕭乾譯作全集》，第10卷，頁607-625。蕭乾，〈負笈劍橋〉，收入李輝主編，《蕭乾自述》，北京：大象出版社，2003，頁148-158。蕭乾，〈棋子〉，收入李輝主編，《蕭乾自述》，頁127-128。蕭乾旅英七年，撰述不絕，英文作品有Etching of a Tormented Age (1942), China but not Cathay (1944), The Dragon Beards versus Blueprint (1944) (with a preface by V. K. Wellington Koo), A Harp with a Thousand Strings (1944) (with a preface by Arthur Waley), Spinners of Silk (1944). 關於蕭乾和George Orwell的交往，筆者擬結合新近出版的英文材料，另文交代。

[viii] Jiang Yi, China Revisited after 42 years (New York: W. W. Norton,1977), pp. 35-47.

[ix] 漢學家的英文sinologist，第一次出現於1816年的Oxford English Dictionary,Vol. 15, p. 538，轉引自沈安德（James St. André），〈翻譯理論與翻譯實踐：以《好逑傳》的英譯為例〉，《中外文學》，第29卷第5期，2000年10月，頁116-117。

[x] 如果用早年杜維明對傳統漢學的解釋，則幾乎消失殆盡（《十年機緣待儒學：東亞價值再評價》，香港：牛津大學出版社，1999，頁1-7。相近的認知，也可見於陳國球，〈如何了解「漢學家」──以普實克為例〉，《中國文哲研究通訊》，第17卷第4期，2007年12月，頁105。又載於《讀書》，2008年第1期，2008年1月，頁68-72。近年的討論可參看嚴紹璗，〈我對Sinology的理解和思考〉，《世界漢學》，第4期，2006，頁6-13。閻純德，〈漢學試論〉，《文化雜誌》，2005年冬季，頁191-198。台灣學者對漢學的定義也有所不同。參看孫秀玲、廖箴，〈興與變：近二十五年來臺灣漢學研究發展初探〉，《漢學研究通訊》，第27卷第1期，2008年2月，頁1。

[xi] T. H. Barrett, Singular listlessness: a short history of Chinese books and British scholars, (London: Wellsweep Press, 1989). 該書出自1987年8月於亞非研究院舉行的研討會論文。原文見於F. Wood (ed.), British Library Occasional Papers, 10: Chinese Studies, 1987, pp. 9-53. “Singular listlessness”源自英國漢學家德庇時爵士（Sir John Francis Davis, 1795-1890）批評英國人對於中國語言和文學的態度，見“Observations on the language and literature of China,” in his Chinese Novels, translated from the originals; to which are added Proverbs and Moral Maxims, collected from their classical books and other sources (London: John Murray, 1822), p. 2. 熊文華譯作，《不思進取，不可思議：漢學書籍和英國學者往事綜述》，頁177；魏思齊（Zbigniew Wesolowski SVD）譯作，〈不列顛（英國）漢學研究的概況〉，《興味索然的獨一性：中文書與不列顛學者之簡史》，《漢學研究通訊》，第27卷第2期，2008年5月，頁46；闕維民，〈劍橋漢學的形成與發展〉，《出奇的漠然》，《漢學研究通訊》，第21卷第1期，2002年2月，頁31；張弘的譯作，《獨一無二的疲弱：英國漢學簡史》，《中國文學在英國》，廣州：花城出版社，1992，頁340；《歐洲中國學》譯作，《罕見的漠不關心：有關中國書籍和英國學者的一部簡史》，收入黃長著、孫越生、王祖望主編，《歐洲中國學》，北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2005，頁379。更早期討論英國漢學發展史者如：Joseph C. Ting, British Contributions to Chinese Studies, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1951). 未見。

[xii] Denis Twitchett, “A Lone Cheer for Sinology: Comments on the ‘Chinese Studies and the Disciplines’ Symposium,” The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Nov.,1964), pp. 109-112.

[xiii] Robert Bickers, “‘Coolie work’: Sir Reginald Johnston at the School of Oriental Studies, 1931-1937”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Nov., 1995), pp. 385-401.

[xiv] H. R. Trevor-Roper, A Hidden Life: The Enigma of Sir Edmund Backhouse (London: Macmillan, 1976). Lo Hui-min, “The Ching-Shan Diary: a Clue to its Forgery,” East Asian History, Vol. 1 (June 1991), pp. 98-124.

[xv] Edward Friedman, “Studying China Is Dangerous,” keynote address to the American Association for Chinese Studies, 49th Annual Conference, Richmond, Virginia, 6 October 2007.

《華英通語》1855及1860序

子卿／子芳：《華英通語》（香港？：協德堂藏板，1855）。《增訂華英通語》（東京：快堂藏板，1860）。《華英通語》（香港：西營盤恆茂藏板，1860）。

1855序：
蓋聞之無文不可行遠也。惟言語不相通者然。我朝柔遠有道，外國商旅梯航來者，絡繹輻輳，第士音各區於方隅，故意氣每難於投契。古者重譯有官職，是故也。吾友　子卿從學於英人書塾者，歷有年所。凡英邦文字，欠深切究，恆慮華言英語，不異北轍南轅。爰將日用應酬事款，別類分門，輯成一帙，名曰華英通語，以公同好。庶幾閱是書者，開卷燎然，既熟究卷中之聲韻，復推類以盡其餘。將見應答如流，絕無齟齬之苦。言談相人，幾忘兩地之人，誠堪為習語者之津梁也夫。
咸豐乙卯蒲節後二日何紫庭序

1860序：
余友　子芳自少肆業於英人書塾，至今歷年欠矣。凡英國言語文字，靡不留心考究。及披閱前輩所刻華英通語一書，別類分門，亦已有條不紊。然類中所刻，不無遺漏之處。貿易家每惜其有所未備，而且唐音不正。故特此逐類參訂，將日用應酬事款，間有未備者，補其闕略，無關事務者，稍為刪除，訂正語音。庶幾覽是書者，聲韻雖別，以華英而應答，無虞其齟齬未昭然，習語者方便之門也，是為序。
咸豐庚申清明節後養　拙山人謹誌

又有：
《華英通語集全》（香港：藏文堂印，1879）。
《華夷通語》（新嘉坡：古友軒藏板，1883）。
《新增華英通語》（香港：文裕堂，1893）。
據内田慶市：〈Pidgin──異語言文化接觸中的一種現象〉，《東アジア文化交渉研究》，第2号，2009，頁197-207。

Hong Kong Island in 1817

James Horsburgh, India directory, or, Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, New Holland, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and the interjacent ports, comp. chiefly from original journals at the East India House, and from observations and remarks, made during twenty-one years experience navigating in those seas (London, Printed for the author, sold by Black, Parbury, and Allen, 1817, 2nd ed.).

Inspired by Dr. Otto Lam, who translated the passages about Hong-Kong Island and Tytam Habour, aka Hong-Kong Habour, into Chinese, I quote the original English texts about Hong-Kong Island below.

HONG-KONG ISLAND, the N. W. point, in lat. 22° 17' N. bears from the North 50 point of Lamma nearly North, distant 2 miles; a short distance N. W. of the point, there are 2 small islands of green appearance, the westernmost of which is highest; and 1 3/4 mile farther to the westward of this last mentioned island, there is another high green island named Cow-ee-chow, forming between them the Cow-ee Passage, having in it 10 and 12 fathoms water.

The S. W. point of Tytam Bay, in lat. 22° 12 1/4 N. and lon. 114° 12' 40" E. is the most southern point of Hong-Kong Island; between this point and the N. W. end of the island, there are several small bays, all of which are safe for small ships, but would seldom be resorted to, when there are much better places of shelter near them. About 1 mile to the E. N. E. of the N. E. point of Lamma, there is a small, but high island, of bright green appearance, between which, you will have 13 and 15 fathoms water, and 20 fathoms very close to the eastward of Lamma point: in the small bays of Hong-Kong, northward of the green island, the depth is generally 7 or 8 fathoms, and fresh water may be procured at the beaches.

About 1 mile N. E. by E. of the North point of Lemma Island, and near the western point of a deep cove on Hong-Kong, there is a cascade of very good water, convenient to be obtained: a short way to the S. E. of the cascade, directly opposite to the mouth or entrance into the cove, Lo-chow, a small rocky island, is situated, and a bed of dry rocks near it: to the S. E. of the island, the depth near it and the rocks is 12 or 13 fathoms; and the cove, in which you have 7 and 8 fathoms water, may be useful to careen in. About the southern side of Hong-Kong Island, a ship could procure very clean and good'shingle ballast; and no doubt the fishermen might be engaged to bring it off to her, so as to ballast her in l or 2 days. (p. 279)

English-language fictions written by Western expatriates and set in Hong Kong and China

English-language fictions written by Western expatriates and set in China:

Andrew, Mrs. John (Sophia) [Lulu]. Not So Black as They Painted Her, and Other Stories. Hong Kong: Brewer, 1895.
The Back Door. Hong Kong: China Mail, 1897. Reprinted in Hong Kong Invaded!: A '97 Nightmare. Ed. Gillian Bickley. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2001.
"Betty." Intercepted Letters: A Mild Satire on Hongkong Society. Hong Kong: Kelly and Walsh, 1905.
Bland, John Otway Percy [Tung Chia]. Verse and Worse: Selections from the Writings of Tung Chia (J. O. P. Bland). Shanghai: Oriental Press, 1902. Most of the selections were originally published in the Shanghai periodicals the Rattle or the North China Daily News, or in British newspapers.
Boehm, Lise. See Giles, Elisa.
Bredon, Juliet [Charlotte Lorrimer]. The Call of the East. London: Bird and Gay, 1907.
Brady, S. E. (Sarah Edith). The Jewel in the Lotus and Other Stories. Shanghai: Oriental Press, 1905.
Cole, Donna Rita [D. R. C.]. Lui Sing and Other Stories. Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh, 1907. The second edition, published in 1908, omits one story.
---. The Flight of an Arrow and Other Stories. Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh, 1908. 
---. Poppy Petals. Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh, 1910.
Croskey, Julian [Mrs. Charles Mason?]. "The S. G.": A Romance of Peking. Brooklyn: Mason, 1900. 
---. Max. London: Lane, 1897.
Dalziel, James. Chronicles of a Crown Colony. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post Office, 1907. ---. In the First Watch, and Other Engine-Room Stories. London: Unwin, 1907. 
---. High Life in the Far East: Short Stories. London: Unwin, 1909.
Dawe, William Carlton. Kakemono: Tales of the Far East. London: Lane, 1897. 
---. The Mandarin. London: Hutchinson, 1899. 
---. The Plotters of Peking. London: Nash, 1907. 
---. Yellow and White. London: Lane, 1895.
Denby, Jay. Letters of a Shanghai Griffin to His Father, and Other Exaggerations. Shanghai: China Printing, 1910. A slightly modified version was published as Letters from China and Some Eastern Sketches (London: Murray, 1911). This modified version was later published by Kelly and Walsh as Letters of a Shanghai Griffin (Shanghai, 1923).
D'Oliver, Leonard [Dolly]. China Coasters. Hong Kong: Kelly and Walsh, 1903. 
---. Paul the Pretender: A Romance of Hongkong. Shanghai: Shanghai Times, 1912. 
---. Tales of Hongkong in Verse and Story. Hong Kong: Kelly and Walsh, 1902. 
---. The Vampire Nemesis, and Other Weird Stories of the China Coast. Bristol: Arrowsmith, 1905.
Dolly. See D'Oliver, Leonard. 
D.R. C. See Cole, Donna Rita.
Giles, Elise Edersheim [Lise Boehm.]. "The Acting Third Assistant: A Tale of the Tientsin Massacre." China Coast Tales. No. 9. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1905. 
---. "Coming Home" and "Peter Wong." China Coast Tales. Nos. 5 and 6. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1899. "Peter Wong" was originally published in weekly installments as "Peter Wong's Revenge," North China Daily Press [New] and North China Herald, 24 July-4 Sept. 1891. (Dates are for its publication in the North China Herald; the dates for the North China Daily News are a few days previous.) 
---. "Dobson's Daughter" and "Of the Noble Army." China Coast Tales. Nos. 1 and 2. 1892. 2nd ed. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1898. 
---. "Formosa: A Tale of the French Blockade of 1884-1885." 1890. China Coast Tales. No. 10. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1905. Originally published in weekly installments, North China Daily Press [News] and North China Herald, 4 July-31 Oct. 1890. (Dates are for its publication in the North China Herald; the dates for the North China Daily News are a few days previous.) 
---. "His First Review." Belgravia Dec. 1887: 188-201. 
---. "In the Sixties" and "Playing Providence." China Coast Tales. Nos. 3 and 4. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1897. 
---. '"Mr. Wrong': A China Coast Tale." Temple Bar July 1896: 447-64. 
---. "Two Women" and "A-Kuei." China Coast Tales. Nos. 7 and 8. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1903.
---. "Up the Yangtsze." Belgravia Mar. 1895: 272-88. 
---. "An Unpaid Governess." Temple Bar Sept. 1895: 116-44. 
Halcombe, Charles J. H. Called Out; or, The Chung Wang's Daughter: An Anglo-Chinese Romance. Hong Kong: Hongkong Daily Press Office, 1894. 
---. Children of Far Cathay: A Social and Political Novel. Hong Kong: Hongkong Daily Press Office, 1906. Originally published in weekly installments, Hong Kong Daily News, 13 May-23 Dec. 1905.
Johnson, Mrs. R. F. [Giles Wheatley]. A Soldier's Love Story: A Romance of Hongkong. Hong Kong: W. Brewer, 1902. 
King, Veronica, and Paul King [William A. Rivers]. Anglo-Chinese Sketches. London: Menheneott, 1903. Also Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1909. 
---. The Chartered Junk: A Tale of the Yangtsze Valley. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1910. 
---. Eurasia: A Tale of Shanghai Life. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1908. 
---. The Commissioner's Dilemma: An International Tale of the China of Yesterday. London: Heath Cranton, 1929. 
Kingsmill, Thomas. Blanchflower: A Romance from Far Cathay. [Shanghai?]: n.p., [c. 1896.] 
Little, Mrs. Archibald [Alicia Bewicke]. A Marriage in China. London: White, 1896. 
---. A Millionaire's Courtship. London: Unwin, 1906. 
---. Out in China! London: Treherne, 1902. 
Lorrimer, Charlotte. See Juliet Bredon.
Lulu. See Andrew, Mrs. John. 
M---, Mr. See Mason, Charles Welsh. 
Mason, Charles Welsh [Mr. M-]. The Chest of Opium. London: Neville Beeman, 1896. 
---. The Shen's Pigtail and Other Cues of Anglo-China Life. London: Unwin, 1894. 
McCarthy, A. A. Fragments from the Far East. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1902. Many of the stories were originally published in the Shanghai periodical Sport and Gossip. 
McCormick, Elsie. The Unexpurgated Diary of a Shanghai Baby. Shanghai: Chinese American Publishing, 1923?. 
Oliver, Dolly. See D'Oliver, Leonard. 
Ready, Oliver G. Ch'un-Kwang: A Tale of Chinese Love and Tragedy. London: Chapman and Hall, 1905. 
Rees, Claude. Chun Ti-Kung: His Life and Adventures. London: Heinemann, 1896. 
Rivers, William A. See King, Veronica and Paul King. 
Shanghai Short Story Club. Between Tides and Other Stories. Shanghai: Willow Pattern, 1934. 
---. Shanghai Stories. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1927. 
---. Short Stories. Shanghai: Oriental Press, 1924. 
Simpson, Bertram Lennox [Putnam Weale]. The Altar Fire: Or, The Story of the Chinese Revolution. London: Methuen, 1917. 
---. China's Crucifixion. New York: Macmillan, 1928. 
---. The Eternal Priestess: A Novel of China Manners. London: Methuen, 1914.
---. The Forbidden Boundary, and Other Stories. London: Macmillan, 1908.
---. Her Closed Hands. London: Macmillan, 1927.
---. The Human Cobweb: A Romance of Old Peking. London: Macmillan, 1910.
---. The Port of Fragrance. London: Douglas, 1930.
---. The Revolt. London: Methuen, 1912.
---. The Romance of a Few Days. London: Methuen, 1913.
---. The Silver Sutra: The Story of a Curse. London: Heinemann, 1934.
---. The Unknown God. London: Macmillan, 1911.
---. Wang the Ninth: The Story of a Chinese Boy. London: Collins, 1920.
Weale, Putnam. See Simpson, Bertram Lenox.
Wheatley, Giles. See Johnson, Mrs. R. F.
Wingfield, Lewis. The Lovely Wang: A Bit of China. Bristol: Arrowsmith, 1887.

Sources: Steven Ralph Hardy's Expatriate Writers, Expatriate Readers: English-language Fiction Published along the China Coast in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2003), pp. 338-43.

The Chinese Scientific Magazine (Review, NCH)

Review of The Chinese Scientific Magazine, North-China Herald, May 6, 1876, pp. 427-8.

"Literary men in China have hitherto been devoting their lives' exertions to the acquirement of comparatively profitless erudition, and to the elaboration of empty metaphysical truths. They have yet to be given a fairer and more practical direction to their energies. Let them know that while the lower classes are labouring physically for the support of the country, it is the duty of the learned to work hand in hand with them mentally in perfecting the arts and manufactures of the land and thus to assist in the great scheme of economy of labour and material. If the Scientific Magazine of Shanghai can awaken this sentiment, its editor may well have reason to be satisfied with the result of so laborious an undertaking." (p. 428)